Common triggers to non-atopic asthma include which of the following?

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Non-atopic asthma is not driven by IgE-mediated allergen sensitivity, so its triggers are non-allergic irritants and infections that provoke airway inflammation. Viral upper respiratory infections are a classic and very common trigger because the infection amplifies airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity, leading to wheezing and obstruction even in people without allergic sensitization. Allergens like pollen and animal dander drive allergic (atopic) asthma, not typically non-atopic forms. Pharmacologic triggers can occur in specific syndromes like aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, which isn’t the general non-atopic pattern. Irritant chemicals such as formaldehyde or epoxy resins can provoke irritant-induced asthma, often in occupational settings, but they are not the most common triggers in the non-atopic population.